There is nothing special about your phone number; anyone can call it, accidentally or on purpose.
Maybe that is what passes for "public information" in the mind of that caller.
However, what is not public information is the association of your name with that number.
If the company calling you has mentioned your name, then how they got that information is the question, but they will never tell you. All you can do is ignore or block their calls.
If the company calling you has never mentioned your name, then they are phishing for that information, and ignoring or blocking their calls helps to keep them from getting that information.
This company keeps on calling my phone at least 10 times a month. I already reported this company. All the callers have Filipino accent.
I told the called to remove my phone number. He keep on saying is public information. I asked him what is public information my phone? I told him as far as I know my phone is restricted and definetely not public information. He went on to say something about what ever is calling is public. I just got tired and yelled at him to remove me on the calling list.