There is nothing special about your phone number; anyone can call it, accidentally or on purpose.
Maybe that is what passes for "public information" in the mind of that caller.
However, what is not public information is the association of your name with that number.

If the company calling you has mentioned your name, then how they got that information is the question, but they will never tell you. All you can do is ignore or block their calls.
If the company calling you has never mentioned your name, then they are phishing for that information, and ignoring or blocking their calls helps to keep them from getting that information.