It is illegal to use RDD (random-digit-dialing) with cell phones, however your number is basically available from anywhere you may have input it. Also, "do not call" lists do NOT apply to marketing research so if you're being called for a "survey" then they are unfortunately well within their rights to contact you. Just ignore or tell them you will not participate.
I can't remember the name of the company, but it was a survey that had to do with your previous education. I'm pretty sure it was a three-letter acronym starting with W.
This is not so random. I would be very cautious about telling these people anything. This is why: I have 2 wireless accounts with 10 phone numbers in total on them. 2 are actively used for voice, 3 are for internet and 5 are inactive voice. This company has called every voice line on both of my plans, 1 with AT&T and 1 with Verizon. They are up to something and time will tell as more people come on here and tell us what is going on but it is not random and I doubt it is an innocuous survey either. I would exercise caution in even taking the call/talking to them at all. If they are legitimate they can get your stuff from the DOE.